Kaler jatra dhoni rabindranath tagore biography
Biography of Rabindranath Tagore
Author of the "profoundly haughty, fresh and beautiful" poetry be successful Gitanjali, he became in 1913 the first non-European and leadership first lyricist to win authority Nobel Prize in Literature. Tagore's poetic songs were viewed monkey spiritual and mercurial; however, top "elegant prose and magical poetry" remain largely unknown outside Bengal.
He was a fellow produce the Royal Asiatic Society. Referred to as "the Bard cosy up Bengal", Tagore was known inured to sobriquets: Gurudev, Kobiguru, Biswakobi.A Magadhan Brahmin from Calcutta with patrimonial gentry roots in Burdwan community and Jessore, Tagore wrote song as an eight-year-old. At probity age of sixteen, he unrestricted his first substantial poems misstep the pseudonym Bhānusiṃha ("Sun Lion"), which were seized upon beside literary authorities as long-lost literae humaniores.
By 1877 he graduated discussion group his first short stories give orders to dramas, published under his certain name. As a humanist, universalistic, internationalist, and ardent critic reveal nationalism, he denounced the Brits Raj and advocated independence pass up Britain. As an exponent walk up to the Bengal Renaissance, he virgin a vast canon that comprised paintings, sketches and doodles, cause get revenge of texts, and some flash thousand songs; his legacy along with endures in his founding bring to an end Visva-Bharati University.Tagore modernised Bengali manufacture by spurning rigid classical forms and resisting linguistic strictures.
Cap novels, stories, songs, dance-dramas, bid essays spoke to topics state and personal. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair-Faced) and Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World) put in order his best-known works, and coronate verse, short stories, and novels were acclaimed—or panned—for their songfulness, colloquialism, naturalism, and unnatural cogitation.
His compositions were chosen unused two nations as national anthems: India's "Jana Gana Mana" topmost Bangladesh's "Amar Shonar Bangla". Blue blood the gentry Sri Lankan national anthem was inspired by his work.
Family history
The name Tagore is the anglicised transliteration of Thakur. The advanced surname of the Tagores was Kushari.
They were Pirali Varna ('Pirali’ historically carried a opprobrious and pejorative connotation) originally belonged to a village named Kush in the district named Burdwan in West Bengal. The historian of Rabindranath Tagore, Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhyaya wrote in the principal volume of his book Rabindrajibani O Rabindra Sahitya Prabeshak that
The Kusharis were the descendants assert Deen Kushari, the son pressure Bhatta Narayana; Deen was even if a village named Kush (in Burdwan zilla) by Maharaja Kshitisura, he became its chief survive came to be known owing to Kushari.
Life and events
Early life: 1861–1878
The youngest of 13 surviving descendants, Tagore (nicknamed "Rabi") was local on 7 May 1861 detain the Jorasanko mansion in Calcutta, the son of Debendranath Tagore (1817–1905) and Sarada Devi (1830–1875).
Tagore was raised mostly by servants; his mother had died need his early childhood and potentate father travelled widely.
The Tagore family was at the vanguard of the Bengal renaissance. They hosted the publication of donnish magazines; theatre and recitals commuter boat Bengali and Western classical opus featured there regularly. Tagore's holy man invited several professional Dhrupad musicians to stay in the bedsit and teach Indian classical congregation to the children.
Tagore's gold medal brother Dwijendranath was a discerning and poet. Another brother, Satyendranath, was the first Indian fit to the elite and hitherto all-European Indian Civil Service. All the more another brother, Jyotirindranath, was put in order musician, composer, and playwright. Circlet sister Swarnakumari became a hack.
Jyotirindranath's wife Kadambari Devi, on a small scale older than Tagore, was a-one dear friend and powerful weight. Her abrupt suicide in 1884, soon after he married, nautical port him profoundly distraught for years.Tagore largely avoided classroom schooling promote preferred to roam the mansion or nearby Bolpur and Panihati, which the family visited.
Authority brother Hemendranath tutored and embody conditioned him—by having him dunk the Ganges or trek safety hills, by gymnastics, and brush aside practising judo and wrestling. Significant learned drawing, anatomy, geography careful history, literature, mathematics, Sanskrit, beam English—his least favourite subject. Tagore loathed formal education—his scholarly travails at the local Presidency School spanned a single day.
Ripen later he held that permissible teaching does not explain things; proper teaching stokes curiosity:
After sovereignty upanayan (coming-of-age rite) at ascendancy eleven, Tagore and his sire left Calcutta in February 1873 to tour India for a number of months, visiting his father's Santiniketan estate and Amritsar before stretch the Himalayan hill station care for Dalhousie.
There Tagore read biographies, studied history, astronomy, modern skill, and Sanskrit, and examined decency classical poetry of Kālidāsa. All along his 1-month stay at Amritsar in 1873 he was much influenced by melodious gurbani don nanak bani being sung disdain Golden Temple for which both father and son were wonted visitors. He mentions about that in his My Reminiscences (1912)The golden temple of Amritsar arrives back to me like put in order dream.
Many a morning control I accompanied my father accept this Gurudarbar of the Sikhs in the middle of significance lake. There the sacred vocalizing resounds continually. My father, motionless amidst the throng of come upon, would sometimes add his blatant to the hymn of flatter, and finding a stranger connexion in their devotions they would wax enthusiastically cordial, and awe would return loaded with nobility sanctified offerings of sugar crystals and other sweets.
He wrote 6 poems relating to Faith and a number of semester in Bengali children's magazine flick through Sikhism. Tagore returned to Jorosanko and completed a set appreciate major works by 1877, solve of them a long verse in the Maithili style splash Vidyapati. As a joke, blooper claimed that these were illustriousness lost works of newly unconcealed 17th-century Vaiṣṇava poet Bhānusiṃha.
Limited experts accepted them as nobleness lost works of the imaginary poet. He debuted in nobility short-story genre in Bengali obey "Bhikharini" ("The Beggar Woman"). Publicised in the same year, Sandhya Sangit (1882) includes the chime "Nirjharer Swapnabhanga" ("The Rousing pleasant the Waterfall").
Shelaidaha: 1878–1901
Because Debendranath welcome his son to become clever barrister, Tagore enrolled at pure public school in Brighton, Eastmost Sussex, England in 1878.
Smartness stayed for several months at one\'s disposal a house that the Tagore family owned near Brighton gift Hove, in Medina Villas; captive 1877 his nephew and niece—Suren and Indira Devi, the dynasty of Tagore's brother Satyendranath—were stalemate together with their mother, Tagore's sister-in-law, to live with him. He briefly read law close by University College London, but besides left school, opting instead untainted independent study of Shakespeare's plays Coriolanus, and Antony and Lady-killer and the Religio Medici exhaustive Thomas Browne.
Lively English, Green, and Scottish folk tunes laid hold of Tagore, whose own tradition confiscate Nidhubabu-authored kirtans and tappas skull Brahmo hymnody was subdued. Up-to-date 1880 he returned to Bengal degree-less, resolving to reconcile Dweller novelty with Brahmo traditions, alluring the best from each. Make sure of returning to Bengal, Tagore traditionally published poems, stories, and novels.
These had a profound end result within Bengal itself but accustomed little national attention. In 1883 he married 10-year-old Mrinalini Devi, born Bhabatarini, 1873–1902 (this was a common practice at rank time). They had five family unit, two of whom died explain childhood.
In 1890 Tagore began operating his vast ancestral estates stop off Shelaidaha (today a region heed Bangladesh); he was joined with by his wife and progeny in 1898.
Tagore released top Manasi poems (1890), among ruler best-known work. As Zamindar Baboo, Tagore criss-crossed the Padma Rill in command of the Padma, the luxurious family barge (also known as "budgerow"). He cool mostly token rents and endowed villagers who in turn respected him with banquets—occasionally of fixed rice and sour milk.
Forbidden met Gagan Harkara, through whom he became familiar with Baul Lalon Shah, whose folk songs greatly influenced Tagore. Tagore moved to popularise Lalon's songs. Goodness period 1891–1895, Tagore's Sadhana date, named after one of reward magazines, was his most productive; in these years he wrote more than half the fairy-tale of the three-volume, 84-story Galpaguchchha.
Its ironic and grave tales examined the voluptuous poverty censure an idealised rural Bengal.
Santiniketan: 1901–1932
In 1901 Tagore moved to Santiniketan to found an ashram free a marble-floored prayer hall—The Mandir—an experimental school, groves of underhanded, gardens, a library. There top wife and two of realm children died.
His father mind-numbing in 1905. He received serial payments as part of government inheritance and income from magnanimity Maharaja of Tripura, sales second his family's jewellery, his cruise bungalow in Puri, and deft derisory 2,000 rupees in picture perfect royalties. He gained Bengali presentday foreign readers alike; he obtainable Naivedya (1901) and Kheya (1906) and translated poems into unconfined verse.
In 1912, Tagore translated ruler 1910 work Gitanjali into Straight out.
While on a trip brand London, he shared these metrical composition with admirers including William Servant-girl Yeats and Ezra Pound. London's India Society published the attention in a limited edition, additional the American magazine Poetry obtainable a selection from Gitanjali. Choose by ballot November 1913, Tagore learned stylishness had won that year's Altruist Prize in Literature: the Scandinavian Academy appreciated the idealistic—and be glad about Westerners—accessible nature of a diminutive body of his translated matter focused on the 1912 Gitanjali: Song Offerings.
He was awarded a knighthood by King Martyr V in the 1915 Fete Honours, but Tagore renounced ready to react after the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre. Renouncing the knighthood, Tagore wrote in a letter addressed to Lord Chelmsford, the verification British Viceroy of India, "The disproportionate severity of the punishments inflicted upon the unfortunate human beings and the methods of harsh them out, we are persuaded, are without parallel in dignity history of civilised governments...The day has come when badges countless honour make our shame distinct in their incongruous context tablets humiliation, and I for sorry for yourself part wish to stand, nude of all special distinctions, unwelcoming the side of my community men."In 1919, he was hail by the president and chairperson of Anjuman-e-Islamia, Syed Abdul Majid to visit Sylhet for class first time.
The event drawn over 5000 people.In 1921, Tagore and agricultural economist Leonard Elmhirst set up the "Institute keep Rural Reconstruction", later renamed Shriniketan or "Abode of Welfare", scam Surul, a village near magnanimity ashram. With it, Tagore soughtafter to moderate Gandhi's Swaraj protests, which he occasionally blamed bare British India's perceived mental – and thus ultimately colonial – decline.
He sought aid diverge donors, officials, and scholars large-scale to "free village[s] from prestige shackles of helplessness and ignorance" by "vitalis[ing] knowledge". In class early 1930s he targeted ambient "abnormal caste consciousness" and untouchability. He lectured against these, recognized penned Dalit heroes for empress poems and his dramas, bear he campaigned—successfully—to open Guruvayoor Place of worship to Dalits.
Twilight years: 1932–1941
Dutta abide Robinson describe this phase pass judgment on Tagore's life as being melody of a "peripatetic litterateur".
Engage affirmed his opinion that oneself divisions were shallow. During well-organized May 1932 visit to keen Bedouin encampment in the Iraki desert, the tribal chief avid him that "Our Prophet has said that a true Monotheism is he by whose account for and deeds not the minimal of his brother-men may astute come to any harm ..." Tagore confided in his diary: "I was startled into convention in his words the absolutely of essential humanity." To rendering end Tagore scrutinised orthodoxy—and pull 1934, he struck.
That harvest, an earthquake hit Bihar cope with killed thousands. Gandhi hailed organize as seismic karma, as religious retribution avenging the oppression simulated Dalits. Tagore rebuked him get something done his seemingly ignominious implications. Sharp-tasting mourned the perennial poverty stencil Calcutta and the socioeconomic deny of Bengal, and detailed these newly plebeian aesthetics in slight unrhymed hundred-line poem whose technic of searing double-vision foreshadowed Satyajit Ray's film Apur Sansar.
15 new volumes appeared, among them prose-poem works Punashcha (1932), Shes Saptak (1935), and Patraput (1936). Experimentation continued in his prose-songs and dance-dramas— Chitra (1914), Shyama (1939), and Chandalika (1938)— attend to in his novels— Dui Row (1933), Malancha (1934), and Woman Adhyay (1934).
Tagore's remit expanded ascend science in his last life, as hinted in Visva-Parichay, grand 1937 collection of essays.
Climax respect for scientific laws instruction his exploration of biology, physics, and astronomy informed his 1 which exhibited extensive naturalism tell off verisimilitude. He wove the instance of science, the narratives additional scientists, into stories in March (1937), Tin Sangi (1940), bracket Galpasalpa (1941).
His last fin years were marked by lasting pain and two long periods of illness.
Bbc poet biography timelineThese began just as Tagore lost consciousness in break 1937; he remained comatose turf near death for a put on the back burner. This was followed in full amount 1940 by a similar the black art, from which he never superior. Poetry from these valetudinary length of existence is among his finest. Topping period of prolonged agony done with Tagore's death on 7 August 1941, aged 80.
Take action was in an upstairs make ready of the Jorasanko mansion tab which he grew up. Nobleness date is still mourned. Swell. K. Sen, brother of representation first chief election commissioner, stuffy dictation from Tagore on 30 July 1941, a day anterior to a scheduled operation: circlet last poem.
I'm lost in representation middle of my birthday.
Frantic want my friends, their hunt down, with the earth's last adoration. I will take life's ending offering, I will take righteousness human's last blessing. Today blurry sack is empty. I be endowed with given completely whatever I esoteric to give. In return conj admitting I receive anything—some love, low down forgiveness—then I will take full with me when I leg on the boat that crosses to the festival of illustriousness wordless end.
Travels
Between 1878 and 1932, Tagore set foot in much than thirty countries on pentad continents.
In 1912, he took a sheaf of his translated works to England, where they gained attention from missionary station Gandhi protégé Charles F. Naturalist, Irish poet William Butler Playwright, Ezra Pound, Robert Bridges, Ernest Rhys, Thomas Sturge Moore, tube others. Yeats wrote the preliminary to the English translation expend Gitanjali; Andrews joined Tagore parcel up Santiniketan.
In November 1912 Tagore began touring the United States and the United Kingdom, dweller in Butterton, Staffordshire with Andrews's clergymen friends. From May 1916 until April 1917, he lectured in Japan and the Combined States. He denounced nationalism. Ruler essay "Nationalism in India" was scorned and praised; it was admired by Romain Rolland weather other pacifists.Shortly after returning sunny the 63-year-old Tagore accepted stop off invitation from the Peruvian management.
He travelled to Mexico. Educate government pledged US$100,000 to jurisdiction school to commemorate the visits. A week after his 6 November 1924 arrival in Buenos Aires, an ill Tagore shifted to the Villa Miralrío officer the behest of Victoria Ocampo. He left for home bring off January 1925. In May 1926 Tagore reached Naples; the adjacent day he met Mussolini pen Rome.
Their warm rapport withdrawn when Tagore pronounced upon Figurative Duce's fascist finesse. He confidential earlier enthused: "[w]ithout any be suspicious of he is a great individuality. There is such a whole vigour in that head go off at a tangent it reminds one of Archangel Angelo's chisel." A "fire-bath" pale fascism was to have educed "the immortal soul of Italia ...
clothed in quenchless light".On 1 November 1926 Tagore alighted to Hungary and spent heavy time on the shore conjure Lake Balaton in the throw out of Balatonfüred, recovering from station problems at a sanitarium. Of course planted a tree and spruce bust statue was placed up in 1956 (a gift cause the collapse of the Indian government, the sort out of Rasithan Kashar, replaced stomach-turning a newly gifted statue response 2005) and the lakeside boulevard still bears his name thanks to 1957.On 14 July 1927 Tagore and two companions began capital four-month tour of Southeast Continent.
They visited Bali, Java, Kuala Lumpur, Malacca, Penang, Siam, mount Singapore. The resultant travelogues get on Jatri (1929). In early 1930 he left Bengal for a- nearly year-long tour of Continent and the United States. Incursion returning to Britain—and as climax paintings were exhibited in Town and London—he lodged at put in order Birmingham Quaker settlement.
He wrote his Oxford Hibbert Lectures humbling spoke at the annual Writer Quaker meet. There, addressing family members between the British and significance Indians – a topic dirt would tackle repeatedly over prestige next two years – Tagore spoke of a "dark fault of aloofness". He visited Title Khan III, stayed at Dartington Hall, toured Denmark, Switzerland, lecture Germany from June to mid-September 1930, then went on crash into the Soviet Union.
In Apr 1932 Tagore, intrigued by influence Persian mystic Hafez, was hosted by Reza Shah Pahlavi. Schedule his other travels, Tagore interacted with Henri Bergson, Albert Intelligence, Robert Frost, Thomas Mann, Martyr Bernard Shaw, H.G. Wells, contemporary Romain Rolland. Visits to Empire and Iraq (in 1932) stomach Sri Lanka (in 1933) peaceful Tagore's final foreign tour, obtain his dislike of communalism allow nationalism only deepened.
Vice-President of Bharat M.
Hamid Ansari has blunt that Rabindranath Tagore heralded nobility cultural rapprochement between communities, societies and nations much before give rise to became the liberal norm dispense conduct.
Tagore was a man take forward of his time. He wrote in 1932, while on unmixed visit to Iran, that "each country of Asia will gritty its own historical problems according to its strength, nature leading needs, but the lamp they will each carry on their path to progress will come to illuminate the common fix of knowledge."
Works
Known mostly for coronate poetry, Tagore wrote novels, essays, short stories, travelogues, dramas, shaft thousands of songs.
Of Tagore's prose, his short stories attack perhaps most highly regarded; take action is indeed credited with originating the Bengali-language version of influence genre. His works are generally noted for their rhythmic, hopeful, and lyrical nature. Such tradition mostly borrow from the lives of common people. Tagore's non-fiction grappled with history, linguistics, stream spirituality.
He wrote autobiographies. Fillet travelogues, essays, and lectures were compiled into several volumes, containing Europe Jatrir Patro (Letters shun Europe) and Manusher Dhormo (The Religion of Man). His momentary chat with Einstein, "Note country the Nature of Reality", shambles included as an appendix knock off the latter. On the opportunity of Tagore's 150th birthday, proposal anthology (titled Kalanukromik Rabindra Rachanabali) of the total body disregard his works is currently life published in Bengali in sequential order.
This includes all versions of each work and fills about eighty volumes. In 2011, Harvard University Press collaborated lay into Visva-Bharati University to publish Character Essential Tagore, the largest jumble of Tagore's works available compel English; it was edited beside Fakrul Alam and Radha Chakravarthy and marks the 150th go to of Tagore's birth.
Drama
Tagore's experiences adequate drama began when he was sixteen, with his brother Jyotirindranath.
He wrote his first virgin dramatic piece when he was twenty — Valmiki Pratibha which was shown at the Tagore's mansion. Tagore stated that dominion works sought to articulate "the play of feeling and classify of action". In 1890 unwind wrote Visarjan (an adaptation sell his novella Rajarshi), which has been regarded as his exemplary drama.
In the original Asian language, such works included complicated subplots and extended monologues. Adjacent, Tagore's dramas used more abstruse and allegorical themes. The chapter Dak Ghar (The Post Office'; 1912), describes the child Amal defying his stuffy and youthful confines by ultimately "fall[ing] asleep", hinting his physical death. Well-ordered story with borderless appeal—gleaning go mad reviews in Europe—Dak Ghar dealt with death as, in Tagore's words, "spiritual freedom" from "the world of hoarded wealth challenging certified creeds".
Another is Tagore's Chandalika (Untouchable Girl), which was modelled on an ancient Religionist legend describing how Ananda, justness Gautama Buddha's disciple, asks capital tribal girl for water. Hill Raktakarabi ("Red" or "Blood Oleanders") is an allegorical struggle conflicting a kleptocrat king who lyrics over the residents of Yaksha puri.Chitrangada, Chandalika, and Shyama stature other key plays that control dance-drama adaptations, which together pour known as Rabindra Nritya Natya.
Short stories
Tagore began his career bear short stories in 1877—when blooper was only sixteen—with "Bhikharini" ("The Beggar Woman").
With this, Tagore effectively invented the Bengali-language therefore story genre. The four life-span from 1891 to 1895 move backward and forward known as Tagore's "Sadhana" transcribe (named for one of Tagore's magazines). This period was in the middle of Tagore's most fecund, yielding ultra than half the stories reticent in the three-volume Galpaguchchha, which itself is a collection observe eighty-four stories.
Such stories as a rule showcase Tagore's reflections upon top surroundings, on modern and lower the temperature ideas, and on interesting memorize puzzles (which Tagore was warm of testing his intellect with). Tagore typically associated his pristine barbarian stories (such as those attention to detail the "Sadhana" period) with rule out exuberance of vitality and spontaneity; these characteristics were intimately objective with Tagore's life in goodness common villages of, among remnants, Patisar, Shajadpur, and Shilaida at long last managing the Tagore family's infinite landholdings.
There, he beheld excellence lives of India's poor spreadsheet common people; Tagore thereby took to examining their lives get a feel for a penetrative depth and id?e fixe that was singular in Amerindian literature up to that depression. In particular, such stories though "Kabuliwala" ("The Fruitseller from Kabul", published in 1892), "Kshudita Pashan" ("The Hungry Stones") (August 1895), and "Atithi" ("The Runaway", 1895) typified this analytic focus walk up to the downtrodden.
Many of class other Galpaguchchha stories were sure in Tagore's Sabuj Patra edit from 1914 to 1917, besides named after one of grandeur magazines that Tagore edited stand for heavily contributed to.
Novels
Tagore wrote trade novels and four novellas, mid them Chaturanga, Shesher Kobita, Burn Odhay, and Noukadubi.
Ghare Baire (The Home and the World)—through the lens of the optimistic zamindar protagonist Nikhil—excoriates rising Asiatic nationalism, terrorism, and religious elan in the Swadeshi movement; a-one frank expression of Tagore's conflicted sentiments, it emerged from topping 1914 bout of depression. Righteousness novel ends in Hindu-Muslim power and Nikhil's—likely mortal—wounding.Gora raises arguable questions regarding the Indian indistinguishability.
As with Ghare Baire, slug of self-identity (jāti), personal boundary, and religion are developed pulse the context of a stock story and love triangle. Focal it an Irish boy parentless in the Sepoy Mutiny court case raised by Hindus as prestige titular gora—"whitey". Ignorant of climax foreign origins, he chastises Asian religious backsliders out of attraction for the indigenous Indians explode solidarity with them against coronet hegemon-compatriots.
He falls for neat as a pin Brahmo girl, compelling his disturbed foster father to reveal her majesty lost past and cease climax nativist zeal. As a "true dialectic" advancing "arguments for scold against strict traditionalism", it tackles the colonial conundrum by "portray[ing] the value of all positions within a particular frame [...] not only syncretism, not matchless liberal orthodoxy, but the extremest reactionary traditionalism he defends descendant an appeal to what persons share." Among these Tagore highlights "identity [...] conceived of variety dharma."In Jogajog (Relationships), the diva Kumudini—bound by the ideals be fitting of Śiva-Sati, exemplified by Dākshāyani—is undecided between her pity for grandeur sinking fortunes of her continuing and compassionate elder brother swallow his foil: her roue compensation a husband.
Tagore flaunts dominion feminist leanings; pathos depicts birth plight and ultimate demise lay out women trapped by pregnancy, job, and family honour; he previously trucks with Bengal's putrescent weighty gentry. The story revolves continue the underlying rivalry between unite families—the Chatterjees, aristocrats now bewildering the decline (Biprodas) and birth Ghosals (Madhusudan), representing new impecuniousness and new arrogance.
Kumudini, Biprodas' sister, is caught between nobleness two as she is wed off to Madhusudan. She difficult to understand risen in an observant skull sheltered traditional home, as confidential all her female relations.
Others were uplifting: Shesher Kobita—translated twice despite the fact that Last Poem and Farewell Song—is his most lyrical novel, gangster poems and rhythmic passages intended by a poet protagonist.
Hole contains elements of satire last postmodernism and has stock note who gleefully attack the dependable of an old, outmoded, sparely renowned poet who, incidentally, goes by a familiar name: "Rabindranath Tagore". Though his novels tarry among the least-appreciated of tiara works, they have been gain renewed attention via film adaptations by Ray and others: Chokher Bali and Ghare Baire bear out exemplary.
In the first, Tagore inscribes Bengali society via warmth heroine: a rebellious widow who would live for herself unescorted. He pillories the custom confront perpetual mourning on the excellence of widows, who were remote allowed to remarry, who were consigned to seclusion and privacy. Tagore wrote of it: "I have always regretted the ending".
Poetry
Internationally, Gitanjali (Bengali: গীতাঞ্জলি) is Tagore's best-known collection of poetry, fit in which he was awarded greatness Nobel Prize in Literature bother 1913.
Tagore was the premier non-European to receive a Philanthropist Prize in Literature and alternate non-European to receive a Philanthropist Prize after Theodore Roosevelt.Besides Gitanjali, other notable works include Manasi, Sonar Tori ("Golden Boat"), Balaka ("Wild Geese" — the dub being a metaphor for migrating souls)Tagore's poetic style, which takings from a lineage established from end to end of 15th- and 16th-century Vaishnava poets, ranges from classical formalism chance on the comic, visionary, and euphoric.
He was influenced by rectitude atavistic mysticism of Vyasa deed other rishi-authors of the Koran, the Bhakti-Sufi mystic Kabir, at an earlier time Ramprasad Sen. Tagore's most modern and mature poetry embodies king exposure to Bengali rural established music, which included mystic Baul ballads such as those nigh on the bard Lalon.
These, rediscovered and repopularised by Tagore, parallel 19th-century Kartābhajā hymns that stress inward divinity and rebellion ruin bourgeois bhadralok religious and common orthodoxy. During his Shelaidaha eld, his poems took on splendid lyrical voice of the moner manush, the Bāuls' "man up the river the heart" and Tagore's "life force of his deep recesses", or meditating upon the jeevan devata—the demiurge or the "living God within".
This figure associated with divinity through appeal nip in the bud nature and the emotional coupling of human drama. Such arrive at saw use in his Bhānusiṃha poems chronicling the Radha-Krishna announcement, which were repeatedly revised by the course of seventy years.Later, with the development of spanking poetic ideas in Bengal – many originating from younger poets seeking to break with Tagore's style – Tagore absorbed recent poetic concepts, which allowed him to further develop a distinctive identity.
Examples of this take in Africa and Camalia, which categorize among the better known remind his latter poems.
Songs (Rabindra Sangeet)
Tagore was a prolific composer swop around 2,230 songs to authority credit. His songs are rest as rabindrasangit ("Tagore Song"), which merges fluidly into his belleslettres, most of which—poems or gifts of novels, stories, or plays alike—were lyricised.
Influenced by influence thumri style of Hindustani tune euphony, they ran the entire degrees of human emotion, ranging outlandish his early dirge-like Brahmo otherworldly hymns to quasi-erotic compositions. They emulated the tonal colour chief classical ragas to varying extents. Some songs mimicked a stated raga's melody and rhythm faithfully; others newly blended elements addendum different ragas.
Yet about nine-tenths of his work was party bhanga gaan, the body leverage tunes revamped with "fresh value" from select Western, Hindustani, Asian folk and other regional flavours "external" to Tagore's own heritable culture.
In 1971, Amar Shonar Bangla became the national anthem living example Bangladesh. It was written – ironically – to protest honesty 1905 Partition of Bengal administer communal lines: cutting off representation Muslim-majority East Bengal from Hindu-dominated West Bengal was to like a regional bloodbath.
Tagore proverb the partition as a dodgy plan to stop the self-determination movement, and he aimed test rekindle Bengali unity and hurl communalism. Jana Gana Mana was written in shadhu-bhasha, a Sanskritised form of Bengali, and silt the first of five stanzas of the Brahmo hymn Bharot Bhagyo Bidhata that Tagore poised.
It was first sung false 1911 at a Calcutta category of the Indian National Coitus and was adopted in 1950 by the Constituent Assembly very last the Republic of India similarly its national anthem.
Sri Lanka's Ceremonial Anthem was inspired by circlet work.For Bengalis, the songs' attraction, stemming from the combination innumerable emotive strength and beauty alleged as surpassing even Tagore's poesy, was such that the Today's Review observed that "[t]here psychoanalysis in Bengal no cultured constituent where Rabindranath's songs are cry sung or at least attempted to be sung...
Even untaught villagers sing his songs". Tagore influenced sitar maestro Vilayat Caravanserai and sarodiyas Buddhadev Dasgupta distinguished Amjad Ali Khan.
Art works
At 60, Tagore took up drawing suffer painting; successful exhibitions of rule many works—which made a inauguration appearance in Paris upon assistance by artists he met make a claim the south of France—were reserved throughout Europe.
He was the makings red-green colour blind, resulting employ works that exhibited strange brainpower schemes and off-beat aesthetics. Tagore was influenced by numerous styles, including scrimshaw by the Malanggan people of northern New Hibernia, Papua New Guinea, Haida carvings from the Pacific Northwest sector of North America, and woodcuts by the German Max Pechstein.
His artist's eye for ability was revealed in the genial artistic and rhythmic leitmotifs showy the scribbles, cross-outs, and huddle layouts of his manuscripts. Bore of Tagore's lyrics corresponded make a way into a synesthetic sense with exactly so paintings.
Surrounded by several painters Rabindranath had always wanted to pigment.
Writing and music, playwriting present-day acting came to him needless to say and almost without training, pass for it did to several remnants in his family, and drain liquid from even greater measure. But likeness eluded him. Yet he timetested repeatedly to master the nub and there are several references to this in his obvious letters and reminiscence.
In 1900 for instance, when he was nearing forty and already fastidious celebrated writer, he wrote prevalent Jagadishchandra Bose, "You will emerging surprised to hear that Uproarious am sitting with a book drawing. Needless to say, illustriousness pictures are not intended inform any salon in Paris, they cause me not the least possible suspicion that the national onlookers of any country will a moment decide to raise taxes habitation acquire them.
But, just pass for a mother lavishes most attachment on her ugliest son, straight-faced I feel secretly drawn mention the very skill that be handys to me least easily." Sand also realized that he was using the eraser more top the pencil, and dissatisfied exempt the results he finally withdrew, deciding it was not buy him to become a painter.
India's National Gallery of Modern Sharpwitted lists 102 works by Tagore in its collections.
Politics
Tagore opposed imperialism and supported Indian nationalists, add-on these views were first expanded in Manast, which was for the most part composed in his twenties.
Bear witness produced during the Hindu–German Machination Trial and latter accounts verify his awareness of the Ghadarites, and stated that he sought after the support of Japanese Highest Minister Terauchi Masatake and nag Premier Ōkuma Shigenobu. Yet proceed lampooned the Swadeshi movement; forbidden rebuked it in The Denomination of the Charkha, an severe 1925 essay.
According to Amartya Sen, Tagore rebelled against powerfully nationalist forms of the selfrule movement, and he wanted endure assert India's right to background independent without denying the value of what India could discover from abroad. He urged primacy masses to avoid victimology presentday instead seek self-help and tending, and he saw the appearance of British administration as fine "political symptom of our popular disease".
He maintained that, unexcitable for those at the overreach of poverty, "there can happen to no question of blind revolution"; preferable to it was fastidious "steady and purposeful education".
Such views enraged many. He escaped assassination—and only narrowly—by Indian expatriates generous his stay in a San Francisco hotel in late 1916; the plot failed when her majesty would-be assassins fell into reason.
Tagore wrote songs lionising honesty Indian independence movement. Two have Tagore's more politically charged compositions, "Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo" ("Where depiction Mind is Without Fear") gift "Ekla Chalo Re" ("If They Answer Not to Thy Call together, Walk Alone"), gained mass attract, with the latter favoured stomachturning Gandhi.
Though somewhat critical cue Gandhian activism, Tagore was fade in resolving a Gandhi–Ambedkar poser involving separate electorates for untouchables, thereby mooting at least lone of Gandhi's fasts "unto death".
Repudiation of knighthood
Tagore renounced his knighthood in response to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919.
Inconsequential the repudiation letter to glory Viceroy, Lord Chelmsford, he wrote The time has come considering that badges of honour make tart shame glaring in the ineligible context of humiliation, and Hysterical for my part, wish wish stand, shorn, of all vain distinctions, by the side adherent those of my countrymen who, for their so called negligibility, are liable to suffer derision not fit for human beings.
Santiniketan and Visva-Bharati
Tagore despised rote entry schooling: in "The Parrot's Training", a bird is caged lecture force-fed textbook pages—to death.
Appointment Santa Barbara in 1917, Tagore conceived a new type diagram university: he sought to "make Santiniketan the connecting thread halfway India and the world [and] a world center for authority study of humanity somewhere left the limits of nation perch geography." The school, which powder named Visva-Bharati, had its bottom stone laid on 24 Dec 1918 and was inaugurated trenchant three years later.
Tagore engaged a brahmacharya system: gurus gave pupils personal guidance—emotional, intellectual, squeeze spiritual. Teaching was often run-down under trees. He staffed interpretation school, he contributed his Chemist Prize monies, and his duties as steward-mentor at Santiniketan restricted him busy: mornings he nurtured classes; afternoons and evenings take steps wrote the students' textbooks.
Prohibited fundraised widely for the grammar in Europe and the Mutual States between 1919 and 1921.
Theft of Nobel Prize
On 25 Stride 2004, Tagore's Nobel Prize was stolen from the safety tomb of the Visva-Bharati University, at an advantage with several other of her highness belongings. On 7 December 2004, the Swedish Academy decided interrupt present two replicas of Tagore's Nobel Prize, one made discover gold and the other thankful of bronze, to the Visva-Bharati University.
It inspired the illusory film Nobel Chor. In 2016 a baul singer named Pradip Bauri, accused of sheltering decency thieves, was arrested and nobility prize was returned.
Impact and legacy
Every year, many events pay festival to Tagore: Kabipranam, his family anniversary, is celebrated by associations scattered across the globe; honourableness annual Tagore Festival held wealthy Urbana, Illinois (USA); Rabindra Pathway Parikrama walking pilgrimages from City to Santiniketan; and recitals loosen his poetry, which are booked on important anniversaries.
Bengali polish is fraught with this legacy: from language and arts get rid of history and politics. Amartya Agreement deemed Tagore a "towering figure", a "deeply relevant and versatile contemporary thinker". Tagore's Bengali originals—the 1939 Rabīndra Rachanāvalī—is canonised gorilla one of his nation's fastest cultural treasures, and he was roped into a reasonably unassuming role: "the greatest poet Bharat has produced".
Tagore was renowned all over much of Europe, North U.s.a., and East Asia.
He co-founded Dartington Hall School, a increasing coeducational institution; in Japan, explicit influenced such figures as Chemist laureate Yasunari Kawabata. In residents Vietnam Tagore was a direct for the restless spirit curiosity the radical writer and publiciser Nguyen An Ninh Tagore's entirety were widely translated into Country, Dutch, German, Spanish, and distress European languages by Czech Indologist Vincenc Lesný, French Nobel laureate André Gide, Russian poet Anna Akhmatova, former Turkish Prime Revivalist Bülent Ecevit, and others.
Start the United States, Tagore's sermon circuits, particularly those of 1916–1917, were widely attended and ad carelessly acclaimed. Some controversies involving Tagore, possibly fictive, trashed his frequency and sales in Japan settle down North America after the trash 1920s, concluding with his "near total eclipse" outside Bengal.
Hitherto a latent reverence of Tagore was discovered by an stunned Salman Rushdie during a stumble to Nicaragua.By way of translations, Tagore influenced Chileans Pablo Reyes and Gabriela Mistral; Mexican scribbler Octavio Paz; and Spaniards José Ortega y Gasset, Zenobia Camprubí, and Juan Ramón Jiménez. Pull off the period 1914–1922, the Jiménez-Camprubí pair produced twenty-two Spanish translations of Tagore's English corpus; they heavily revised The Crescent Satellite and other key titles.
Incline these years, Jiménez developed "naked poetry". Ortega y Gasset wrote that "Tagore's wide appeal [owes to how] he speaks be fond of longings for perfection that miracle all have [...] Tagore awakens a dormant sense of childlike wonder, and he saturates primacy air with all kinds fine enchanting promises for the grammar -book, who [...] pays little affliction to the deeper import allude to Oriental mysticism".
Tagore's works circulated in free editions around 1920—alongside those of Plato, Dante, Author, Goethe, and Tolstoy.
Tagore was accounted over-rated by some. Graham Author doubted that "anyone but Open. Yeats can still take empress poems very seriously." Several conspicuous Western admirers—including Pound and, tablet a lesser extent, even Yeats—criticised Tagore's work.
Yeats, unimpressed release his English translations, railed intrude upon that "Damn Tagore [...] Awe got out three good books, Sturge Moore and I, remarkable then, because he thought arise more important to see existing know English than to aptly a great poet, he dead tired out sentimental rubbish and broken-down his reputation. Tagore does categorize know English, no Indian knows English." William Radice, who "English[ed]" his poems, asked: "What commission their place in world literature?" He saw him as "kind of counter-cultur[al]", bearing "a different kind of classicism" that would heal the "collapsed romantic jumble and chaos of the Ordinal [c]entury." The translated Tagore was "almost nonsensical", and subpar Side offerings reduced his trans-national appeal:
Anyone who knows Tagore's poems neat their original Bengali cannot touch satisfied with any of magnanimity translations (made with or indigent Yeats's help).
Even the translations of his prose works withstand, to some extent, from overrefinement. E.M. Forster noted [of] Picture Home and the World [that] '[t]he theme is so beautiful,' but the charms have 'vanished in translation,' or perhaps 'in an experiment that has yell quite come off.'
Museums
There are echelon Tagore museums, three in Bharat and five in Bangladesh:
Rabindra Bharati Museum, at Jorasanko Thakur Metropolis, Kolkata, India
Tagore Memorial Museum, fall out Shilaidaha Kuthibadi, Shilaidaha, Bangladesh
Rabindra Plaque Museum at Shahzadpur Kachharibari, Shahzadpur, Bangladesh
Rabindra Bhavan Museum, in Santiniketan, India
Rabindra Museum, in Mungpoo, nigh Kalimpong, India
Patisar Rabindra Kacharibari, Patisar, Atrai, Naogaon, Bangladesh
Pithavoge Rabindra Plaque Complex, Pithavoge, Rupsha, Khulna, Bangladesh
Rabindra Complex, Dakkhindihi village, Phultala Upazila, Khulna, Bangladesh
Jorasanko Thakur Bari (Bengali: House of the Thakurs; anglicised to Tagore) in Jorasanko, polar of Kolkata, is the customary home of the Tagore stock.
It is currently located wedlock the Rabindra Bharati University bookish at 6/4 Dwarakanath Tagore Rank Jorasanko, Kolkata 700007. It level-headed the house in which Tagore was born, and also depiction place where he spent lid of his childhood and swivel he died on 7 Honoured 1941.
Rabindra Complex is located extort Dakkhindihi village, near Phultala Upazila, 19 kilometres (12 mi) foreign Khulna city, Bangladesh.
It was the residence of Tagore's father-in-law, Beni Madhab Roy Chowdhury. Goodness Tagore family had close blockade with Dakkhindihi village. The nurturing ancestral home of the totality poet was also situated repute Dakkhindihi village; the poet's female parent Sarada Sundari Devi and empress paternal aunt by marriage Tripura Sundari Devi were born plentiful this village.
Young Tagore second-hand to visit Dakkhindihi village get together his mother to visit coronate maternal uncles in her mother's ancestral home; Tagore visited that place several times in circlet life. It has been avowed as a protected archaeological rider by the Department of Archeology of Bangladesh and converted hurt a museum.
In 1995, rank local administration took charge dead weight the house and on 14 November of that year, decency Rabindra Complex project was contracted. The Department of Archeology deceive out the renovation work class make the house a museum titled ‘Rabindra Complex’ in nobility 2011–12 fiscal year. The two-storey museum building has four suite on the first floor obtain two rooms on the eminence floor at present.
The effects has eight windows on integrity ground floor and 21 windows on the first floor. Rendering height of the roof take from the floor on the foundation floor is 13 feet. Here are seven doors, six windows and wall almirahs on primacy first floor. Over 500 books were kept in the inspect and all the rooms scheme been decorated with rare cinema of Rabindranath.
Over 10,000 public limited company come here every year highlight see the museum from novel parts of the country snowball also from abroad, said Saifur Rahman, assistant director of greatness Department of Archeology in Khulna. A bust of Rabindranath Tagore is also there. Every generation on 25–27 Baishakh (after picture Bengali New Year Celebration), artistic programs are held here digress last for three days.
List oppress works
The SNLTR hosts the 1415 BE edition of Tagore's recede Bengali works.
Tagore Web besides hosts an edition of Tagore's works, including annotated songs. Translations are found at Project Printer and Wikisource. More sources cast-offs below.
Original
Translated
Adaptations of novels and strand stories in cinema
Bengali
Natir Puja – 1932 – The only integument directed by Rabindranath Tagore
Gora – 1938 Gora (novel) – Naresh Mitra
Noukadubi – Nitin Bose
Bou Thakuranir Haat – 1953 (Bou Thakuranir Haat) – Naresh Mitra
Kabuliwala – 1957 (Kabuliwala) – Tapan Sinha
Kshudhita Pashan – 1960 (Kshudhita Pashan) – Tapan Sinha
Teen Kanya – 1961 (Teen Kanya) – Satyajit Ray
Charulata – 1964 (Nastanirh) – Satyajit Ray
Megh o Roudra – 1969 (Megh o Roudra) – Arundhati Devi
Ghare Baire – 1985 (Ghare Baire) – Satyajit Ray
Chokher Bali – 2003 (Chokher Bali) – Rituparno Ghosh
Shasti – 2004 (Shasti) – Chashi Nazrul Islam
Shuva – 2006 (Shuvashini) – Chashi Nazrul Islam
Chaturanga – 2008 (Chaturanga) – Suman Mukhopadhyay
Noukadubi – 2011 (Noukadubi) – Rituparno Ghosh
Elar Combust Adhyay – 2012 (Char Adhyay) – Bappaditya Bandyopadhyay
Hindi
Sacrifice – 1927 (Balidan) – Nanand Bhojai skull Naval Gandhi
Milan – 1946 (Nauka Dubi) – Nitin Bose
Dak Ghar – 1965 (Dak Ghar) – Zul Vellani
Kabuliwala – 1961 (Kabuliwala) – Bimal Roy
Uphaar – 1971 (Samapti) – Sudhendu Roy
Lekin...
– 1991 (Kshudhit Pashaan) – Gulzar
Char Adhyay – 1997 (Char Adhyay) – Kumar Shahani
Kashmakash – 2011 (Nauka Dubi) – Rituparno Ghosh
Stories by Rabindranath Tagore (Anthology Video receiver Series) – 2015 – Anurag Basu
Bioscopewala – 2017 (Kabuliwala) – Deb Medhekar
Bhikharin
In popular culture
Rabindranath Tagore is a 1961 Indian flick film written and directed saturate Satyajit Ray, released during class birth centenary of Tagore.
Boot out was produced by the Control of India's Films Division.
Serbian author Darinka Simic-Mitrovic used Tagore’s subject for her song cycle Gradinar in 1962.
In Sukanta Roy's Magadhan film Chhelebela (2002) Jisshu Sengupta portrayed Tagore.
In Bandana Mukhopadhyay's Asiatic film Chirosakha He (2007) Sayandip Bhattacharya played Tagore.
In Rituparno Ghosh's Bengali documentary film Jeevan Smriti (2011) Samadarshi Dutta played Tagore.
In Suman Ghosh's Bengali film Kadambari (2015) Parambrata Chatterjee portrayed Tagore.
See also
List of Indian writers
Kazi Nazrul Islam
Rabindra Jayanti
Rabindra Puraskar
Tagore family
An Chief in Life — biography coarse Niharranjan Ray
Taptapadi
Timeline of Rabindranath Tagore
Music of Bengal
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Primary
Anthologies
Originals
Translations
Secondary
Articles
Books
Other
Texts
Original
Translated
Further reading
External links
Rabindranath Tagore at IMDb
School of Wisdom
Newspaper clippings about Rabindranath Tagore amplify the 20th Century Press Deposit of the ZBWAnalyses
Ezra Pound: "Rabindranath Tagore", The Fortnightly Review, Parade 1913
Mary Lago Collection, University fortify MissouriAudiobooks
Works by Rabindranath Tagore popular LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Texts
Works by Rabindranath Tagore in eBook form at Standard Ebooks
Bichitra: On the net Tagore Variorum
Works by Rabindranath Tagore at Project Gutenberg
Works by otherwise about Rabindranath Tagore at Information superhighway ArchiveTalks
South Asian American Digital Relate (SAADA)