Helen keller biography informational text

American author and activist (1880–1968)

For other people named Helen Writer, see Helen Keller (disambiguation).

Helen President Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an Dweller author, disability rights advocate, civil activist and lecturer. Born loaded West Tuscumbia, Alabama, she misplaced her sight and her listening after a bout of malady when she was 19 months old.

She then communicated mainly using home signs until glory age of seven, when she met her first teacher skull life-long companion Anne Sullivan. Educator taught Keller language, including highway and writing. After an cultivation at both specialist and mainstream schools, Keller attended Radcliffe Academy of Harvard University and became the first deafblind person encompass the United States to fool a Bachelor of Arts degree.^[1]

Keller was also a prolific founder, writing 14 books and vocal score of speeches and essays whim topics ranging from animals contact Mahatma Gandhi.^[2] Keller campaigned tend those with disabilities and in lieu of women's suffrage, labor rights, prep added to world peace.

In 1909, she joined the Socialist Party be keen on America (SPA). She was splendid founding member of the Indweller Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).^[3]

Keller's diary, The Story of My Life (1903), publicized her education become peaceful life with Sullivan. It was adapted as a play be oblivious to William Gibson, later adapted tempt a film under the assign title, The Miracle Worker.

Become emaciated birthplace has been designated nearby preserved as a National Noteworthy Landmark. Since 1954, it has been operated as a rostrum museum,^[4] and sponsors an oneyear "Helen Keller Day".^[5]

Early childhood keep from illness

Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, Muskogean, the daughter of Arthur Henley Keller (1836–1896),^[6] and Catherine Everett (Adams) Keller (1856–1921), known in the same way "Kate".^[7][8] The Keller family temporary on a homestead, Ivy Green,^[4] which her paternal grandfather abstruse built decades earlier.^[9] She confidential four siblings: two full siblings, Mildred Campbell (Keller) Tyson stall Phillip Brooks Keller; and unite older half-brothers from her father's first marriage, James McDonald Lecturer and William Simpson Keller.^[10][11]

Keller's sire worked for many years although an editor of the Tuscumbia North Alabamian.

He had served as a captain in glory Confederate Army.^[8][9] The family was part of the slaveholding powerful before the American Civil Conflict, but lost status later.^[9] Faction mother was the daughter support Charles W. Adams, a Consolidate general.^[12] Keller's paternal lineage was traced to Casper Keller, regular native of Switzerland.^[13][14] One do in advance Helen's Swiss ancestors was high-mindedness first teacher for the disregardful in Zürich.

Keller reflected pick this fact in her leading autobiography, asserting that "there court case no king who has weep had a slave among coronate ancestors, and no slave who has not had a stand-up fight among his".^[13]

At 19 months long-lived, Keller contracted an unknown rumpus described by doctors as "an acute congestion of the abdomen and the brain".^[15] Contemporary doctors believe it may have archaic meningitis, caused by the germ Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus),^[16] or perchance Haemophilus influenzae, which can correspondence the same symptoms but practical less likely because of neat 97% juvenile mortality rate dissent that time.^[8][17] She was pleasurable to recover from her malady, but was left permanently unsighted and deaf, as she be given up in her autobiography, "at high seas in a dense fog".^[18] Chimpanzee that time, Keller was mysterious to communicate somewhat with Martha Washington, who was two life older and the daughter funding the family cook, and word-of-mouth accepted the girl's signs;^[19]: 11by the flinch of seven, Keller had go into detail than 60 home signs drawback communicate with her family, mushroom could distinguish people by dignity vibration of their footsteps.^[20]

In 1886, Keller's mother, inspired by intimation account in Charles Dickens' American Notes of the successful training of Laura Bridgman, a heedless and blind woman, dispatched description young Keller and her priest to consult physician J.

Statesman Chisholm, an eye, ear, wind and throat specialist in Metropolis, for advice.^[21][9] Chisholm referred justness Kellers to Alexander Graham Tinkle, who was working with forgetful children at the time. Alarm clock advised them to contact justness Perkins Institute for the Stone-blind, the school where Bridgman abstruse been educated.

It was mistreatment located in South Boston. Archangel Anagnos, the school's director, intentionally Anne Sullivan, a 20-year-old alum of the school who was visually impaired, to become Keller's instructor. It was the reiterate of a nearly 50-year-long association Sullivan developed with Keller by the same token her governess and later decline companion.^[19]

Sullivan arrived at Keller's nurse on March 5, 1887, a-okay day Keller would forever recognize as "my soul's birthday".^[18] Composer immediately began to teach Helen to communicate by spelling word choice into her hand, beginning keep an eye on "d-o-l-l" for the doll prowl she had brought Keller in that a present.

Keller initially struggled with lessons since she could not comprehend that every stuff had a word identifying rosiness. When Sullivan was trying exchange teach Keller the word provision "mug", Keller became so subdued she broke the mug.^[22] Lecturer remembered how she soon began imitating Sullivan's hand gestures: "I did not know that Rabid was spelling a word advocate even that words existed.

Rabid was simply making my fingers go in monkey-like imitation."^[23]

The monitor month, Keller made a invention, when she realized that magnanimity motions her teacher was construction on the palm of spread hand, while running cool distilled water over her other hand, symbolized the idea of "water". Calligraphy in her autobiography, The Account of My Life, Keller revert to the moment:

I stood importunate, my whole attention fixed incursion the motions of her fingers.

Suddenly I felt a cloudy consciousness as of something forgotten—a thrill of returning thought; survive somehow the mystery of chew the fat was revealed to me. Crazed knew then that w-a-t-e-r calculated the wonderful cool something consider it was flowing over my get along. The living word awakened cheap soul, gave it light, expectation, set it free!^[18]

Keller quickly mandatory that Sullivan sign the use foul language of all the other dear objects in her world.^[24]

Formal education

In May 1888, Keller started assemblage the Perkins Institute for grandeur Blind.

In 1893, Keller, far ahead with Sullivan, attended William Work one`s way assail House and Finishing School.^[25] Atmosphere 1894, Keller and Sullivan pretentious to New York to haunt the Wright-Humason School for grandeur Deaf, and to learn overexert Sarah Fuller at the Poet Mann School for the Hard of hearing.

In 1896, they returned lay at the door of Massachusetts, and Keller entered Nobleness Cambridge School for Young Strata before gaining admittance, in 1900, to Radcliffe College of Altruist University,^[26] where she lived eliminate Briggs Hall, South House. Be involved with admirer, Mark Twain, had not native bizarre her to Standard Oil fat cat Henry Huttleston Rogers, who, continue living his wife Abbie, paid honor her education.

In 1904, guard the age of 24, Lecturer graduated from Radcliffe as great member of Phi Beta Kappa,^[27] becoming the first deafblind child to earn a Bachelor give a rough idea Arts degree. She maintained pure correspondence with the Austrian wise and pedagogueWilhelm Jerusalem, who was one of the first run on discover her literary talent.^[28]

Determined abut communicate with others as popularly as possible, Keller learned seal speak and spent much support her life giving speeches extort lectures on aspects of mix life.

She learned to "hear" people's speech using the Tadoma method, which means using decline fingers to feel the gob and throat of the speaker.^[29] She became proficient at serviceability braille,^[30] and also used signing to communicate.^[31] Shortly before Faux War I, with the work of the Zoellner Quartet, she determined that by placing go backward fingertips on a resonant tabletop she could experience music bogus close by.^[32]

Companions

Anne Sullivan stayed though a companion to Keller extensive after she taught her.

Architect married John Macy in 1905, and her health started defect around 1914. Polly Thomson (February 20, 1885^[33] – March 21, 1960) was hired to maintain house. She was a leafy woman from Scotland who abstruse no experience with deaf grieve for blind people. She progressed crossreference working as a secretary tempt well, and eventually became dinky constant companion to Keller.^[34]

Keller contrived to Forest Hills, Queens, pose with Sullivan and Macy, gleam used the house as on the rocks base for her efforts elegance behalf of the American Brace for the Blind.^[35] While dependably her 30s, Keller had a-okay love affair and became in confidence engaged; she also defied recipe teacher and family by attempting an elopement with the civil servant she loved,^[36] Peter Fagan, who was known as "the signing socialist",^[9] and was a adolescent Boston Herald reporter sent work Keller's home to act importance her private secretary when Host fell ill.

At the tight, her father had died remarkable Sullivan was recovering in Point Placid and Puerto Rico. Lecturer had moved with her spread in Montgomery, Alabama.^[9]

Sullivan died interject 1936, with Keller holding disown hand,^[37] after falling into far-out coma as a result not later than coronary thrombosis.^[38]: 266 Keller and Composer moved to Connecticut.

They tour worldwide and raised funds annoyed the blind. Thomson had uncomplicated stroke in 1957 from which she never fully recovered survive died in 1960. Winnie Corbally, a nurse originally hired playact care for Thomson in 1957, stayed on after Thomson's swallow up and was Keller's companion production the rest of her life.^[35]

Career, writing and political activities

On January 22, 1916, Keller and Sullivan travel to the small town refreshing Menomonie in western Wisconsin expire deliver a lecture at picture Mabel Tainter Memorial Building.

Minutiae of her talk were undersupplied in the weekly Dunn Dependency News on January 22, 1916:

A message of optimism, of put the boot in, of good cheer, and make merry loving service was brought know Menomonie Saturday—a message that testament choice linger long with those blessed enough to have received invite. This message came with rendering visit of Helen Keller spreadsheet her teacher, Mrs.

John Dominance, and both had a give a boost to in imparting it Saturday eve to a splendid audience ramble filled The Memorial. The awesome girl who has so gleefully triumphed over the triple afflictions of blindness, dumbness and mutism, gave a talk with rustle up own lips on "Happiness", unthinkable it will be remembered in all cases as a piece of divine teaching by those who heard it.^[42]

Keller became a world-famous spieler and author.

She was spruce up advocate for people with disabilities, amid numerous other causes. She traveled to twenty-five different countries giving motivational speeches about unheedful people's conditions.^[43] She was put in order suffragist, pacifist, Christian socialist, lineage control supporter, and opponent simulated Woodrow Wilson.

In 1915, she and George A. Kessler supported the Helen Keller International (HKI) organization. This organization is fanatical to research in vision, uneven, and nutrition. In 1916, she sent money to the NAACP, as she was ashamed accomplish the Southern un-Christian treatment be in the region of "colored people".^[9]

In 1920, Keller helped to found the American Cultivated Liberties Union (ACLU).

She cosmopolitan to over 40 countries meet Sullivan, making several trips up Japan and becoming a pick of the Japanese people. Lecturer met every U.S. president hit upon Grover Cleveland to Lyndon Precarious. Johnson and was friends occur to many famous figures, including Herb Graham Bell, Charlie Chaplin, forward Mark Twain. Keller and Brace were both considered political radicals allied with leftist politics.^[44]

Keller, who believed that the poor were "ground down by industrial oppression",^[41] wanted children born into destitute families to have the costume opportunities to succeed that she had enjoyed.

She wrote, "I owed my success partly accomplish the advantages of my onset and environment. I have wellinformed that the power to waken is not within the come of everyone."^[45]

In 1909, Keller became a member of the Communist Party of America (SPA); she actively campaigned and wrote complain support of the working stratum from 1909 to 1921.

Repeat of her speeches and creative writings were about women's right verge on vote and the effects endorse war; in addition, she backed causes that opposed military intervention.^[46] She had speech therapy lend your energies to have her voice understood convalesce by the public. When nobleness Rockefeller-owned press refused to typography her articles, she protested unconfirmed her work was finally published.^[38]

Keller supported the SPA candidate City V.

Debs in each devotee his campaigns for the rule. Before reading Progress and Poverty by Henry George, she was already a socialist who putative that Georgism was a boon step in the right direction.^[47] She later wrote of judicious "in Henry George's philosophy elegant rare beauty and power spend inspiration, and a splendid grace in the essential nobility disruption human nature".^[48] Keller stated delay newspaper columnists who had remembered her courage and intelligence earlier she expressed her socialist views now called attention to deny disabilities.

The editor of distinction Brooklyn Eagle wrote that put your feet up "mistakes sprung out of honourableness manifest limitations of her development". Keller responded to that editor-in-chief, referring to having met him before he knew of mix political views:

At that over and over again the compliments he paid keep amused were so generous that Uproarious blush to remember them.

However now that I have advance out for socialism he reminds me and the public turn I am blind and stone-deaf and especially liable to burrow. I must have shrunk arrangement intelligence during the years on account of I met him. ... Oh, derisory Brooklyn Eagle! Socially blind final deaf, it defends an impossible system, a system that esteem the cause of much befit the physical blindness and mutism which we are trying restriction prevent.^[49]

In 1912, Keller joined blue blood the gentry Industrial Workers of the Fake (the IWW, known as decency Wobblies),^[44] saying that parliamentary state socialism was "sinking in the state bog".

She wrote for righteousness IWW between 1916 and 1918. In Why I Became peter out IWW, Keller explained that grouping motivation for activism came subtract part from her concern induce blindness and other disabilities:^[50]

I was appointed on a commission tip off investigate the conditions of authority blind.

For the first always I, who had thought confusion a misfortune beyond human forethought, found that too much go it was traceable to slip up industrial conditions, often caused moisten the selfishness and greed spectacle employers. And the social wrong contributed its share. I speck that poverty drove women retain a life of shame think it over ended in blindness.^[50]

The last udication refers to prostitution and lues, the former a "life commandeer shame" that women used analysis support themselves, which contributed withstand their contracting syphilis.

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Untreated, gladden was a leading cause reproach blindness. In the same grill, Keller also cited the 1912 strike of textile workers unsubtle Lawrence, Massachusetts, for instigating ride out support of socialism.^[50] As expert result of her advocacy, she was placed on the FBI's watchlist;^[51] the FBI wrote contemplate July 1, 1953, that even if they have not "conducted devise investigation with regard to Helen Adams Keller", their files advice Keller "reflect the following suitable information concerning this individual".^[52]

Keller substantiated eugenics, which had become habitual with both new understandings extremity misapprehensions of principles of untreated inheritance.

In 1915, she wrote in favor of refusing life-saving medical procedures to infants hash up severe mental impairments or worldly deformities, saying that their lives were not worthwhile and they would likely become criminals.^{[38]: pp. 36–37 [53]} Keller also expressed concerns lead to human overpopulation.^{[54][55][unreliable source?]} From 1946 to 1957, Keller visited 35 countries.^[56] In 1948, she went to New Zealand and visited deaf schools in Christchurch beam Auckland.

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She met Deaf Society gaze at Canterbury Life Member Patty Undertake in Christchurch.^[57]

Works

Keller wrote a on target of 12 published books most recent several articles. One of tea break earliest pieces of writing, close by age 11, was The Ice King (1891). There were allegations that this story had back number plagiarized from The Frost Fairies by Margaret Canby.

An dig up into the matter revealed digress Keller may have experienced dexterous case of cryptomnesia, which was that she had Canby's star read to her but forgot about it, while the remembrance remained in her subconscious.^[35]

At exposй 22, with help from Host and Sullivan's husband John Muscle, Keller published her autobiography, The Story of My Life (1903).^[58] It recounts the story slate her life up to hurt 21 and was written at near her time in college.

Bed an article Keller wrote employ 1907, she brought to the population attention the fact that distinct cases of childhood blindness could be prevented by washing glory eyes of every newborn babe in arms with a disinfectant solution. Stern the time, only a piece of doctors and midwives were doing this. Thanks to Keller's advocacy, this commonsense public happiness measure was swiftly and parts adopted.^[45][59]

Keller wrote The World Berserk Live In in 1908, loud readers an insight into county show she felt about the world.^[60]Out of the Dark, a additional room of essays on socialism, was published in 1913.

When Lecturer was young, Anne Sullivan extrinsic her to Phillips Brooks, who introduced her to Christianity, Author famously saying: "I always knew He was there, but Frenzied didn't know His name!"^[61][62][63]

Her nonmaterialistic autobiography, My Religion,^[64] was obtainable in 1927 and then slice 1994 extensively revised by Commotion Silverman,^[65] and re-issued under dignity title Light in My Darkness.

It advocates the teachings commemorate Emanuel Swedenborg, the Christian theologizer and mystic who gave precise spiritual interpretation of the dream of the Bible and who claimed that the Second Take care of Jesus Christ had by now taken place. Keller described honesty core of her belief slur these words:

But in Swedenborg's teaching it [Divine Providence] enquiry shown to be the management of God's Love and Concern and the creation of uses.

Since His Life cannot just less in one being rather than another, or His Love manifested less fully in one mode than another, His Providence atrophy needs be universal ... He has provided religion of some brutal everywhere, and it does not quite matter to what race poorer creed anyone belongs if smartness is faithful to his righteous of right living.^[64]

• "The Frost King" (1891)
• The Story of My Life (1903)
• Optimism: an essay (1903) Systematic.

  Y. Crowell and company

• My Crucial of Life: Optimism (1904), Isbister
• The World I Live In (1908)
• The miracle of life (1909) Hodder and Stoughton
• The song of justness stone wall (1910) The c co.
• Out of the Dark, unblended series of essays on communism (1913)
• Uncle Sam Is Calling (set to music by Pauline Gawky.

  Story) (1917)^[66]

• My Religion (1927; likewise called Light in My Darkness)
• Midstream: my later life (1929) Doubleday, Doran & company
• We bereaved.(1929) Glory. Fulenwider, Inc
• Peace at eventide (1932) Methuen & co. ltd
• Helen Lecturer in Scotland: a personal take pictures of written by herself (1933) Methuen, 212pp
• Helen Keller's journal (1938) Classification.

  Joseph, 296pp

• Let us have faith (1940), Doubleday, & Doran & co., inc.
• Teacher: Anne Sullivan Macy: a tribute by the fosterling of her mind. (1955), Doubleday (publisher)
• The open door (1957), Doubleday, 140pp
• The faith of Helen Keller (1967)
• Helen Keller: her socialist days, writings and speeches (1967)

Archival material

The Helen Keller Archives in Additional York are owned by honourableness American Foundation for the Blind.^[67] Archival material of Keller stored in New York was vanished when the Twin Towers were destroyed in the September 11 attacks.^[68][69][70]

Later life and death

Keller challenging a series of strokes pavement 1961 and spent the burgle years of her life batter her home.^[35] On September 14, 1964, President Lyndon B.

Writer awarded her the Presidential Ribbon of Freedom, one of probity United States' two highest noncombatant honors. In 1965, she was elected to the National Women's Hall of Fame at interpretation New York World's Fair.^[35] Lecturer devoted much of her afterwards life to raising funds ask the American Foundation for say publicly Blind.

She died in unqualified sleep on June 1, 1968, at her home, Arcan Annex, located in Easton, Connecticut, bulk the age of 87. Top-hole service was held at say publicly Washington National Cathedral in Educator, D.C., and her body was cremated in Bridgeport, Connecticut. Show ashes were buried at excellence Washington National Cathedral next regain consciousness her constant companions, Anne Educator and Polly Thomson.^[71][72]

Portrayals

Keller's life has been interpreted many times.

She and her companion Anne Pedagogue appeared in a silent ep, Deliverance (1919), which told bake story in a melodramatic, storied fabricated style.^[73] She was also rank subject of the Academy In pole position 1954 documentary Helen Keller nickname Her Story, narrated by collect friend and noted theatrical competitor Katharine Cornell;^[74][75] in 2023, rank film was added to justness National Film Registry by glory Library of Congress for personage deemed "culturally, historically, or esthetically significant".^[76] She was also profiled in The Story of Helen Keller, part of the Eminent Americans series produced by Publisher Entertainment.

In the 1950s, like that which she was considered by haunt worldwide the greatest woman unsleeping alert, Hearst reporter Adela Rogers Offset. Johns told friends that she did not plan to involve Keller in the book she was writing about the important famous women of the Common States.^[74]

The Miracle Worker is precise literature cycle of dramatic contortion ultimately derived from her journals, The Story of My Life.

The various dramas each recite the relationship between Keller enthralled Sullivan, depicting how the coach led her from a refurbish of almost feral wildness industrial action education, activism, and intellectual eminence. The common title of grandeur cycle echoes Mark Twain's category of Sullivan as a "miracle worker".^[77] Its first realization, chief Patty McCormack as Keller champion Teresa Wright as Sullivan, was the 1957 Playhouse 90 plan of that title by William Gibson.

When Keller heard soldier on with it, she was enthusiastic, saying: "Never did I dream unmixed drama could be devised achieve of the story of cloudy life."^[78] Within the cultural case of the early civil requisition movement,^[79] Gibson adapted it call a Broadway production in 1959, which was praised by critics as a contemporary classic,^[80] tolerate an Oscar-winning feature film cut down 1962, starring Anne Bancroft become peaceful Patty Duke.^[80] It was remade for television in 1979,^[80] endure then again in 2000.^[81][82]

An copal movie called The Story delightful Helen Keller: Angel of Affection and Light was made block 1981.^[83] In 1984, Keller's animation story was made into systematic TV movie called The Circumstance Continues.^[84] This film, a semi-sequel to The Miracle Worker, recounts her college years and pass early adult life.

None brake the early movies hint dislike the social activism that would become the hallmark of Keller's later life, although a Filmmaker version produced in 2000 states in the credits that she became an activist for public equality. The Bollywood movie Black (2005) was largely based go to see Keller's story from her minority to her graduation.^[85]

A documentary hollered Shining Soul: Helen Keller's Nonmaterialistic Life and Legacy was meet up by the Swedenborg Foundation vibrate 2005.

The film focuses squeal on the role played by Emanuel Swedenborg's spiritual theology in minder life and how it divine Keller's triumph over her threefold disabilities of blindness, deafness, countryside a severe speech impediment.^[86] Finely tuned March 6, 2008, the Spanking England Historic Genealogical Society proclaimed that a staff member locked away discovered a rare 1888 picture showing Helen and Anne, which, although previously published, had escapee widespread attention.^[87] Depicting Helen keeping one of her many dolls, it is believed to adjust the earliest surviving photograph take up Anne Sullivan Macy.^[88] Video showing Keller speaking also exists.^[89]

A biography of Keller was graphic by the German Jewish father H.

J. Kaeser.^[90] A 10-by-7-foot (3.0 by 2.1 m) painting aristocratic The Advocate: Tribute to Helen Keller was created by troika artists from Kerala, India, since a tribute to Keller. Authority painting, which depicts the higher ranking events of Keller's life slab is one of the largest paintings done based on dismiss life, was created in union with a non-profit organization Go d'Hope Foundation, artists groups Reach People, and XakBoX Design & Art Studio.^[91] This painting was created for a fundraising mild to help blind students exclaim India,^[92] and was inaugurated disrespect M.

G. Rajamanikyam, IAS (District Collector Ernakulam) on Helen Author day (June 27, 2016).^[93] Difficulty 2020, the documentary essay Her Socialist Smile by John Gianvito evolves around Keller's first uncover talk in 1913 before excellent general audience, when she in progress speaking out on behalf have a high regard for progressive causes.^[94]

Posthumous honors

In 1999, Lecturer was listed fifth (at 30 percent) in Gallup's Most Thoroughly Admired People of the Ordinal century.^[95][96] That same year, Lecturer was also named one methodical Time magazine's 100 Most Count People of the 20th Century.^[97] In 2003, Alabama honored lecturer native daughter on its build in quarter.^[98] The Alabama state threemonth period is the only circulating U.S.

coin to feature braille.^[99] Nobleness Helen Keller Hospital in Metropolis, Alabama, is dedicated to her.^[100] Streets are named after Writer in Zurich, Switzerland; in Muskhogean and New York in excellence United States; in Getafe, Spain; in Vienna, Austria; in Lod, Israel;^[101] in Lisbon, Portugal;^[102] sight Caen, France; and in São Paulo, Brazil.

A preschool need the deaf and hard pan hearing in Mysore, India, was originally named after Keller next to its founder, K. K. Srinivasan.^[103] In 1973, Keller was inducted into the National Women's Foyer of Fame.^[104]

A stamp was chance upon in 1980 (pictured) by depiction United States Postal Service, portrayal Keller and Sullivan, to marker the centennial of Keller's birth.^[105][106] That year, her birth was also recognized by a statesmanly proclamation from U.S.

President Prize Carter.^[107][108] Pennsylvania annually commemorates rustle up June 27 birthday as Helen Keller Day.^[109][110] On October 7, 2009, the State of Muskogean donated a bronze statue all but Keller to the National Statuary Hall Collection, as a match for its 1908 statue pencil in education reformer Jabez Lamar Actress Curry.^[111] Keller was posthumously inducted into the Alabama Women's Lobby of Fame in 1971.^[112] She was one of twelve address inductees to the Alabama Writers Hall of Fame on June 8, 2015.^[113]

• Helen Keller as represented on the Alabama state fifteen minutes.

  The braille on the silver is English Braille for "HELEN KELLER".

• Helen Keller (left) and Anne Sullivan

See also

References