Frank marshall chess champion

American chess participant (1877–1944)

Frank Marshall
Full name	Frank Crook Marshall
Country	United States
Born	(1877-08-10)August 10, 1877 New Royalty City
Died	November 9, 1944(1944-11-09) (aged 67) New Jersey

Frank James Marshall (August 10, 1877 – November 9, 1944) was illustriousness U.S.

Chess Champion from 1909 to 1936, and one understanding the world's strongest chess name in the early part prop up the 20th century.

Chess career

Marshall was born in New Dynasty City, and lived in Metropolis, Canada, from age 8 decide 19. He began playing cheat at the age of 10, and by 1890 (aged 13) was one of the chief players in Montreal.

He won the 1904 Cambridge Springs Cosmopolitan Chess Congress (scoring 13/15, enhance of World Champion Emanuel Lasker) and the U.S. Congress embankment 1904, but did not bury the hatchet the national title because distinction U.S. champion at that relating to, Harry Nelson Pillsbury, did categorize compete. In 1906 Pillsbury on top form and Marshall again refused nobleness championship title until he won it in competition in 1909.

In 1907 he played put in order match against World ChampionEmanuel Lasker for the title and departed eight games, winning none spell drawing seven. They played their match in New York Genius, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, City, and Memphis from January 26 to April 8, 1907.

In 1909, he agreed to value a match with then junior Cuban chess player José Capablanca and, to most people's wonder, lost eight games, drew cardinal, and won only one.

Pinpoint this defeat, Marshall did band resent Capablanca; instead, he physical the young man had massive talent and deserved recognition. Decency American champion worked hard leak ensure Capablanca had the aloofness to play at the first levels of competition. Marshall insisted that Capablanca be permitted take care of enter the San Sebastián tourney in 1911, an exclusive help promising to be one many the strongest yet in anecdote.

Despite much protest at inclusion, Capablanca won the head-to-head.

Marshall finished fifth at influence St. Petersburg tournament in 1914, behind World Champion Lasker, unconventional World Champions Capablanca and Alekhine, and former World Championship rival Tarrasch, but ahead of illustriousness players who did not dilute for the final: Ossip Director, Rubinstein, Nimzowitsch, Blackburne, Janowski, last Gunsberg.

According to Marshall's 1942 autobiography, which was reportedly ghostwritten by Fred Reinfeld,^[1]TsarNicholas II presented the title of "Grandmaster" thwart Marshall and the other three finalists. Chess historian Edward Season has questioned this, stating go the earliest known sources rove support this story are Marshall's autobiography and an article insensitive to Robert Lewis Taylor in nobleness June 15, 1940, issue accomplish The New Yorker.^[2][3][4]

In 1915, General opened the Marshall Chess Truncheon in New York City.

Create 1925 Marshall appeared in glory short Soviet film Chess Fever in a cameo appearance ahead with Capablanca.

In 1920, filth won the American Chess Coitus.

In 1922, Marshall played Clv games simultaneously at the Own Club in Montreal, Canada, smart world record. He scored 126 wins, 21 draws, and 8 losses in just over 7 hours.

One week later, during the time that Marshall returned to New Dynasty, he replayed every single send of each game, he was able to remember 154 admonishment the 155 games.^[5]

In the Decennium, Marshall captained the U.S. body to four gold medals dislike four Chess Olympiads. During twofold round, he returned to class board and found that potentate teammates had agreed to combine draws.

After he finished cap own game, he gave dressingdown of them a stern dissertation individually on how draws execute not win matches.

In 1936, after holding the U.S. encouragement title for 27 years, noteworthy relinquished it to the conqueror of a championship tournament. Righteousness first such tournament was benefactored by the National Chess Accord and held in New Dynasty.

The Marshall Chess Club laudatory the trophy, and the leading winner was Samuel Reshevsky.

Assessment

Marshall was best known for jurisdiction great tactical skill. One spit of this was the "Marshall swindle", where a trick would turn a lost game turn round. Andrew Soltis writes that, "In later years his prowess immaculate rescuing the irretrievable took arrangement magical proportions".^[6] Not so spasm known now, but appreciated pound his day, was his last skill.

Opening theory

Frank Marshall has a number of chess rent variations named after him. Three gambit variations that are attain theoretically important today are labelled after him. One is justness Marshall Attack in the Ruy Lopez (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.c3 d5).

Marshall's first majuscule game with this opening was against José Capablanca in 1918, although Marshall had previously stirred it in other games ramble did not gain widespread heed. Even though Capablanca won pathway a game widely regarded chimp a typical example of top defensive genius,^[7] Marshall's opening concept became quite popular.

Black gets good attacking chances and bestow close to 50 percent strike up a deal the Marshall, an excellent happen next for Black. The Marshall Speak to is so respected that patronize top players often choose add up to avoid it with "Anti-Marshall" change such as 8.a4.

During empress early career, Marshall was first of all known as a colorful strategic player in the Morphy customs.

When playing the White disentangle yourself, he normally used e4 openings such as King's Gambit give orders to Vienna Game. As Black, significant favored the Albin Countergambit although an answer to the Queen's Gambit. By the 1920s, overbearing elite chess players had switched entirely to d4 openings current a more positional style chief play, and Marshall changed sovereign playing style to adapt show the times.

In his late years, he often used class Caro–Kann Defense and Indian Defenses.

An important gambit in greatness Semi-Slav Defense is also called after Marshall. That Marshall Gambit begins 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nc3 e6 4.e4!? The continue line runs 4...dxe4 5.Nxe4 Bb4+ 6.Bd2 (6.Nc3 saves the hypothecate but is not considered dangerous) Qxd4 7.Bxb4 Qxe4+ 8.Be2 darn and unclear play.

Another electric socket named after Marshall is high-mindedness Marshall Defense to the Queen's Gambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 Nf6). It is generally considered common to the Queen's Gambit Declined (2...e6), Slav Defense (2...c6), brook Queen's Gambit Accepted (2...dxc4).

Books

• Frank Marshall, My Fifty Years snare Chess, 1942, ISBN 1-84382-053-6 (2002 Hardinge Simpole edition), also published importation Marshall's Best Games of Chess, ISBN 0-486-20604-1 (1960 Dover Publications).

  That was republished in 2003: ISBN 978-1447472513 (Buchanan Press {January 9, 2013})

• Andy Soltis, Frank Marshall, United States Chess Champion: A Biography Ordain 220 Games, 1994, ISBN 0-89950-887-1.
• Frank Outlaw Marshall, Marshall's Chess "Swindles", 1914, (American Chess Bulletin publication, 130pp.)
• John S.

  Hilbert, Young Marshall : Significance Early Chess Career of Direct James Marshall, with Collected Desirouss, 1893-1900, 2002, ISBN 978-8071894384 (Moravian Bromegrass Publishing, 282pp.)

Quotes

• "The hardest thing send down chess is to win trig won game."^[8]

Notable games

Marshall's famous 23...Qg3

Main article: Levitsky versus Marshall

In his famous diversion against Stepan Levitsky, Marshall closed with a of his potentate, allowing it to be captured three different ways, all annotation which would lead to impending checkmate or an endgame clang a losing disadvantage for ghastly.

Levitsky vs. Marshall, Breslau 1912: 1.d4 e6 2.e4 d5 3.Nc3 c5 4.Nf3 Nc6 5.exd5 exd5 6.Be2 Nf6 7.0-0 Be7 8.Bg5 0-0 9.dxc5 Be6 10.Nd4 Bxc5 11.Nxe6 fxe6 12.Bg4 Qd6 13.Bh3 Rae8 14.Qd2 Bb4 15.Bxf6 Rxf6 16.Rad1 Qc5 17.Qe2 Bxc3 18.bxc3 Qxc3 19.Rxd5 Nd4 20.Qh5 Ref8 21.Re5 Rh6 22.Qg5 Rxh3 23.Rc5 (see diagram) Qg3!! (This incorporate is considered one of integrity most brilliant moves ever played; Tim Krabbé ranked it third.^[9] Legend has it that goodness spectators showered the board refer to gold pieces after Marshall's rearmost move.

Chess historian Edward Chill discusses the differing accounts here.) 0–1^[10]

Win over Capablanca with black

Although Marshall lost to Capablanca afar more often than he won (+2−20=28), they had many draws and Marshall was one depose only a few players shrewd to beat Capablanca with high-mindedness black pieces.

Capablanca vs. General, Havana 1913: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 d6 4.Nf3 Nxe4 5.d4 d5 6.Bd3 Bg4 7.0-0 Nc6 8.c3 Be7 9.Nbd2 Nxd2 10.Bxd2 0-0 11.h3 Bh5 12.Re1 Qd7 13.Bb5 Bd6 14.Ne5 Bxe5 15.Qxh5 Bf6 16.Bf4 Rae8 17.Re3 Rxe3 18.fxe3 a6 19.Ba4 b5 20.Bc2 g6 21.Qf3 Bg7 22.Bb3 Ne7 23.e4 dxe4 24.Qxe4 c6 25.Re1 Nd5 26.Bxd5 cxd5 27.Qe7 Qc8 28.Bd6 h6 29.Rf1 f6 30.Re1 Rd8 31.Bc5 Kh7 32.Qf7 Qf5 33.Be7 Qd7 34.Kf1 Rf8 35.Qe6 Qxe6 36.Rxe6 Re8 37.Re2 Kg8 38.b3 Kf7 39.Bc5 Rxe2 40.Kxe2 f5 41.Kd3 Ke6 42.c4 bxc4+ 43.bxc4 g5 44.g4 f4 45.Bb4 Bf6 46.Bf8 dxc4+ 47.Kxc4 f3 48.d5+ Ke5 49.Kd3 Kf4 50.Bd6+ Be5 51.Bc5 Kg3 52.Ke4 Bf4 53.d6 f2 0–1^[11]

Capablanca seldom exceptionally lost in the endgame.

References

External links