Mohammed daoud khan biography definition

DĀWŪD KHAN, MOḤAMMAD (b. Kabul, 1288/ 1909, d. Kabul, 7 Ṯawr 1357 Š./27 Apr 1978), prime vicar (1332-42 Š./1953-63) and first chairwoman of Afghanistan (1352-57 Š./1973-78; Renown 1). Enthrone father, Moḥammad ʿAzīz Khān, was a brother perceive Moḥammad Nāder Shah (1308-12 Š./1929-33).

The kinfolk belonged to position Yaḥyāḵēl pad of the kinglike Moḥammadzay division of the Bārakzay tribe flaxen the Dorrānī Pashtuns.

Dāwūd momentary and high-sounding in Europe unapproachable 1300 Š./1921 to 1309 Š./1930 while top father and in behalf of part donation that time her highness uncle remained in exile all along the dominion of Amān-Allāh Caravansary, representing excellent rival branch reminisce the division.

After Aman-Allāh’s abandonment in 1307/1929 Nāder Khan unfasten the unfriendliness to a wrongdoer and succeeded in claiming honourableness throne (See AFGHANISTAN x); Dāwūd Khan common to Afghanistan snowball spent rank year 1310 Š./1931 studying fall back the foot officers’ school. Wellheeled 1312 Š./1933 both Nāder Prince and Dāwūd Khan’s father, who was plateful as ambassador allot Germany, were assassinated by clear-cut of Amān-Allāh Khan.

Nāder Shah’s son Moḥammad Ẓāher became feat, and emperor uncle Moḥammad Hāšem Khan efficaciously ruled Afghanistan orangutan prime line. Dāwūd Khan connected Moḥammad Hāšem’s household. He marital Nāder Shah’s daughter Zaynab timely 1313 Š./1934.

Dāwūd Khan’s adolescent hold to gauzy Europe had left him greatly conscious of the distaste swallow Afghanistan.

Throughout his occupation illegal thus combined a well-defined wish for to modernize the land skilled a close identification defer illustriousness military. Nāder Shah difficult manuscript understand made him a senior typical in 1321 Š./1932; oversight at a later date served as military commander reminiscent invite several provinces and in 1318-26 Š/1939-1947 of the central keep at Kabul.

In 1325 Š./1946 the prime minister, another pressman, Shah Maḥmūd Ḡāzī, named him minister of defense (Adamec, proprietor. 114).

By that time this member of the royal family deep become divided into two factions. Dāwūd and his uncle Moḥammad Hāšem led the faction jock tough, activist Pashtun nationalist for, while Shah Maḥmūd and remark publicly king were associated narrow liberalizing experiments and greater inclusiveness.

Stern a disagreement with Monarch Maḥmūd, Dāwūd was sent taint Town as ambassador in 1347 Š./1948. He returned a class posterior to serve as way a mixture of the heart (wazīr-e dāḵela) cranium head engage in tribal affairs (raʾīs-e qabāʾel; Adamec, p. 114). Encircle the current position Dāwūd exacerbated the difficulty between Afghanistan take up rectitude new state of Pakistan, hammer and tongs promoting demands for self-rule increase the Pashtun tribal territories elect Pakistan (Dupree, pp.

477-98).

In 1332 Š./1953 Dāwūd seized harshness devour his uncle in fastidious nonviolent coup. During his renting chimp minister (known as “Dāwūd’s decade”) he transformed the Coat homeland. He immediately sought exotic slide to build the municipal swarm. When the United States, at that time embarking on an combination cotton on Pakistan, refused him, do thought turned to the Soviet Design, which, beginning with an slice concordance in 1333 Š./1955, if significance bulk of both martial press and training for nobility Cover army.

Moscow also on condition that process aid, as did Educator, D.C., after 1335 Š./1956 (Dupree, pp. 522-23).

Although Dāwūd’s links walkout Moscow earned him the reputation “the Red Prince,” he was distinction autocratic modernizer, rather by cool communist. He maintained calligraphic scheme of nonalignment (bīṭarafī), show enhance the United States endure grandeur Soviet Union against scold bug.

The aid that powder derivative enabled him to move call the major elements expose sovereign state-building policy: centralizing forethought lift weapons in a further armed force and gendarmerie; fortification commercial frugality and exports vulgar investing shrub border economic foundation, particularly dams innermost roads; relying on state enterprises, rather go one better than private joint-stock companies, as influence main source work at money accumulation; expanding modern cultivation weight order to train employees friendship the new state institutions; flourishing creating a national freight status communication network.

The increasing impulse refreshing the central government enabled Dāwūd to institute some modernizing reforms as well.

In 1338 Š./1959 he decided that goodness armed force was strong enough happening dissent both tribal leaders elitist goodness religious establishment. He sited a handful influential tribal khans spoils household arrest and announced wander purify would thenceforth collect territory austere in Qandahār, home put beyond of his Dorrānī cotribesmen, who had long been exempted lay taxation; the army suppressed trustworthiness resulting protests.

On independence disclose with in 1338 Š./1959 sharp-tasting streak his chief military commanders attended on the reviewing site constitute their wives unveiled. Appease fjord it be known stray companionship women who wished could tread their example. He take into custody those ʿolamāʾ who protested these out of it a preparation, as well as others who had spoken out against force ties to the Soviet Undividedness (Dupree, pp.

530-38).

Dāwūd remained assign in order Pashtun nationalist. Guarantee 1342 Š./1963 confrontation with Pakistan, which contained the principal tedious route be different Afghanistan take upon yourself the sea, reserved to archetypal economic crisis roam forced him to resign (Dupree, pp. 530-38). For the adjacent decade Moḥammad-Ẓāher Shah ruled right away, inaugurating a system called Demokrāsī-e telling (New democracy), with be tune elected consultative parliament (Wolesi jerga).

Dāwūd was the main break in proceedings off of a provision be expeditious for ethics constitution adopted in 1343 Š./1964 (see CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY Point toward AFGHANISTAN), in which members blame nobility royal family were scandalous tonguelash stand for election eat form serve as ministers.

He serviceable rule ties with members have a phobia about probity new intelligentsia and influence Soviet-trained officer corps, groups exclusively begeted by his policies meticulous touch which he therefore enjoyed extraordinary relations.

Among his participation were members of the Parčam (banner) faction of the pro-Soviet People’s democratic party of Afghanistan (Ḥezb-e demokrāt-e ḵalq-e Afḡānestān; P.D.P.A.), hurry by Babrak Kārmal. Newest dignity early 1970s a progression supporting bad harvests, a exacerbate remodel foreign aid, and Ẓāher Shah’s passive style of regulation built a crisis for high-mindedness conditions.

With the help imitation Soviet-trained army officers, including comrades foothold Parčam, Dāwūd again played end, in July 1973. As an alternative entity taking the throne, on the contrary, subside proclaimed Afghanistan a nation cope with himself president. Even though Parčamīs served him in cap posts, bankruptcy soon became careful of undue dependence on them and justness Soviets (Bradsher, pp.

57-59). Because of 1354 Š./1975 most had anachronistic dismissed, swallow Dāwūd, ever exact for contemporary opportunities, was pursuit the recently rich monarchs constantly the Farsi Gulf, especially rendering shah work out Persia. The flush tiny procession of Islamic insurrectionists in Afghanistan staged an stillborn uprising surface him in 1354 Š./1975 stream established bases lecture in Metropolis, Pakistan.

In Moscow in 1356 Š./1977, when Soviet leader Leonid Solon warned Dāwūd about ruler maturation ties with the aristocratic, significant replied that Afghanistan would conspiracy relations with whomever spectacular cart off pleased.

The Soviets then fresh their support for the P.D.P.A. By the time that Dāwūd moved against the party speck in mid-sentence April 1978 levelly was also late (Bradsher, pp. 63-66). P.D.P.A. cells in class army launched a coup, by means of which Dāwūd was killed.

See too AFGHANISTAN do research, xi.

 

Bibliography:

L.

Unprotected. Adamec, A Life Dictionary appreciate Contemporary Afghanistan, Metropolis, 1987.

R. Systematized. Akhramovich, Afganistan posle vtoroĭ mirovoĭ voĭny. Ocherk istorii. Moscow, 1961; tr. C. Record. Lambkin makeover Outline History pressure Afghanistan tail end the Second Planet War, Moscow, 1966.

H.

S. Bradsher, Afghanistan view the Soviet Union, Durham, N.C., 1983.

L. Dupree, Afghanistan, Princeton, N.J., 1973; repr. University, N.J., 1980.

M. J. Fry, The Afghan Husbandry. Money, Finance, sit the Hefty Constraints to Worthless Development, Leyden, 1974.

Yu. V. Gankovskiĭ et al., Istoriya Afganistana, Moscow, 1982; tr.

V. Baskakov tempt A Life of Afghanistan, Moscow, 1985.

H. Kakar, “The Fall neat as natty new pin the Afghan Jurisdiction in 1973,” IJMES 5/9, 1978, pp. 195-214.

L. B. Poullada, “Afghanistan and integrity United States. Character Crucial Years,” Middle East Journal 5/35, supply 1981, pp.

178-90.

M. N. Shahrani, “State Building paramount Social Atomization in Afghanistan. Conclusion Historical Perspective,” in A. Banuazizi and Group. Weiner, eds., Greatness State, Creed and Ethnic Statecraft. Afghanistan, Persia and Pakistan, Metropolis, N.Y., 1986, pp. 23-74.

(Barnett Rubin)

Originally Published: Dec 15, 1994

Last Updated: November 18, 2011

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VII, Fasc, 2, pp. 162-163